# rotate3d()

The `rotate3d()` CSS function defines a transformation that rotates an element around a fixed axis in 3D space, without deforming it. Its result is a `<transform-function>` data type.

In 3D space, rotations have three degrees of liberty, which together describe a single axis of rotation. The axis of rotation is defined by an [x, y, z] vector and pass by the origin (as defined by the `transform-origin` property). If, as specified, the vector is not normalized (i.e., if the sum of the square of its three coordinates is not 1), the user agent will normalize it internally. A non-normalizable vector, such as the null vector, [0, 0, 0], will cause the rotation to be ignored, but without invaliding the whole CSS property.

Note: Unlike rotations in the 2D plane, the composition of 3D rotations is usually not commutative. In other words, the order in which the rotations are applied impacts the result.

## Syntax

The amount of rotation created by `rotate3d()` is specified by three `<number>`s and one `<angle>`. The `<number>`s represent the x-, y-, and z-coordinates of the vector denoting the axis of rotation. The `<angle>` represents the angle of rotation; if positive, the movement will be clockwise; if negative, it will be counter-clockwise.

```rotate3d(x, y, z, a)
```

### Values

`x`
Is a `<number>` describing the x-coordinate of the vector denoting the axis of rotation which could between 0 and 1.
`y`
Is a `<number>` describing the y-coordinate of the vector denoting the axis of rotation which could between 0 and 1.
`z`
Is a `<number>` describing the z-coordinate of the vector denoting the axis of rotation which could between 0 and 1.
`a`
Is an `<angle>` representing the angle of the rotation. A positive angle denotes a clockwise rotation, a negative angle a counter-clockwise one.
Cartesian coordinates on ℝ2 This transformation applies to the 3D space and can't be represented on the plane. $\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1+\left(1-cos\left(a\right)\right)\left({x}^{2}-1\right)& z·sin\left(a\right)+xy\left(1-cos\left(a\right)\right)& -y·sin\left(a\right)+xz·\left(1-cos\left(a\right)\right)\\ -z·sin\left(a\right)+xy·\left(1-cos\left(a\right)\right)& 1+\left(1-cos\left(a\right)\right)\left(y2-1\right)& x·sin\left(a\right)+yz·\left(1-cos\left(a\right)\right)& ysin\left(a\right) + xz\left(1-cos\left(a\right)\right)& -xsin\left(a\right)+yz\left(1-cos\left(a\right)\right)& 1+\left(1-cos\left(a\right)\right)\left(z2-1\right)& t\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)$

## Examples

### Rotating on the y-axis

#### HTML

```<div>Normal</div>
<div class="rotated">Rotated</div>```

#### CSS

```body {
perspective: 800px;
}

div {
width: 80px;
height: 80px;
background-color: skyblue;
}

.rotated {
transform: rotate3d(0, 1, 0, 60deg);
background-color: pink;
}
```

### Rotating on a custom axis

#### HTML

```<div>Normal</div>
<div class="rotated">Rotated</div>```

#### CSS

```body {
perspective: 800px;
}

div {
width: 80px;
height: 80px;
background-color: skyblue;
}

.rotated {
transform: rotate3d(1, 2, -1, 192deg);
background-color: pink;
}
```

## Specifications

Specification Status Comment
CSS Transforms Level 2
The definition of 'rotate3d()' in that specification.
Editor's Draft Initial definition

## Browser compatibility

Update compatibility data on GitHub
Desktop Mobile Chrome Edge Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari Android webview Chrome for Android Firefox for Android Opera for Android Chrome Full support 1 Edge Full support 12 Firefox Full support 3.5Notes Full support 3.5Notes Notes Firefox 14 removed experimental support for `skew()`, but it was reintroduced in Firefox 15.Notes Before Firefox 16, the translation values of `matrix()` and `matrix3d()` could be ``s, in addition to the standard ``. IE Full support 9Notes Full support 9Notes Notes Internet Explorer 9 supports 2D but not 3D transforms. In version 9, mixing 2D and 3D transform functions invalidates the entire property. Opera Full support 10.5 Safari Full support 3.1 WebView Android Full support 2 Chrome Android Full support 18 Firefox Android Full support 4 Opera Android Full support 11 Safari iOS Full support 3.2 Samsung Internet Android Full support 1.0 Chrome Full support 12 Edge Full support 12 Firefox Full support 10 IE Full support 10 Opera Full support 15 Safari Full support 4 WebView Android Full support 3 Chrome Android Full support 18 Firefox Android Full support 10 Opera Android Full support 14 Safari iOS Full support 3.2 Samsung Internet Android Full support 1.0

### Legend

Full support
Full support
See implementation notes.
See implementation notes.