# rotate()

The `rotate()` CSS function defines a transformation that rotates an element around a fixed point on the 2D plane, without deforming it. Its result is a `<transform-function>` data type.

The fixed point that the element rotates around — mentioned above — is also known as the transform origin. This defaults to the center of the element, but you can set your own custom transform origin using the `transform-origin` property.

## Syntax

The amount of rotation created by `rotate()` is specified by an `<angle>`. If positive, the movement will be clockwise; if negative, it will be counter-clockwise. A rotation by 180° is called point reflection.

```rotate(a)
```

### Values

a
Is an `<angle>` representing the angle of the rotation. A positive angle denotes a clockwise rotation, a negative angle a counter-clockwise one.
Cartesian coordinates on ℝ2 Homogeneous coordinates on ℝℙ2 Cartesian coordinates on ℝ3 Homogeneous coordinates on ℝℙ3
$\left(\begin{array}{cc}cos\left(a\right)& -sin\left(a\right)\\ sin\left(a\right)& cos\left(a\right)\end{array}\right)$ $\left(\begin{array}{ccc}cos\left(a\right)& -sin\left(a\right)& 0\\ sin\left(a\right)& cos\left(a\right)& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)$ $\left(\begin{array}{ccc}cos\left(a\right)& -sin\left(a\right)& 0\\ sin\left(a\right)& cos\left(a\right)& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)$ $\left(\begin{array}{cccc}cos\left(a\right)& -sin\left(a\right)& 0& 0\\ sin\left(a\right)& cos\left(a\right)& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)$
`[cos(a) sin(a) -sin(a) cos(a) 0 0]`

## Examples

### Basic example

#### HTML

```<div>Normal</div>
<div class="rotated">Rotated</div>```

#### CSS

```div {
width: 80px;
height: 80px;
background-color: skyblue;
}

.rotated {
transform: rotate(45deg); /* Equal to rotateZ(45deg) */
background-color: pink;
}
```

### Combining rotation with another transformation

If you want apply multiple transformations to an element, be careful about the order in which you specify your transformations. For example, if you rotate before translating, the translation will be along the new axis of rotation!

#### HTML

```<div>Normal</div>
<div class="rotate">Rotated</div>
<div class="rotate-translate">Rotated + Translated</div>
<div class="translate-rotate">Translated + Rotated</div>
```

#### CSS

```div {
position: absolute;
left: 40px;
top: 40px;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: lightgray;
}

.rotate {
background-color: transparent;
outline: 2px dashed;
transform: rotate(45deg);
}

.rotate-translate {
background-color: pink;
transform: rotate(45deg) translateX(180px);
}

.translate-rotate {
background-color: gold;
transform: translateX(180px) rotate(45deg);
}
```

## Specifications

Specification Status Comment
CSS Transforms Level 1
The definition of 'rotate()' in that specification.
Working Draft Initial definition

## Browser compatibility

Update compatibility data on GitHub
Desktop Mobile Chrome Edge Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari Android webview Chrome for Android Firefox for Android Opera for Android Chrome Full support 1 Edge Full support 12 Firefox Full support 3.5Notes Full support 3.5Notes Notes Firefox 14 removed experimental support for `skew()`, but it was reintroduced in Firefox 15.Notes Before Firefox 16, the translation values of `matrix()` and `matrix3d()` could be ``s, in addition to the standard ``. IE Full support 9Notes Full support 9Notes Notes Internet Explorer 9 supports 2D but not 3D transforms. In version 9, mixing 2D and 3D transform functions invalidates the entire property. Opera Full support 10.5 Safari Full support 3.1 WebView Android Full support 2 Chrome Android Full support 18 Firefox Android Full support 4 Opera Android Full support 11 Safari iOS Full support 3.2 Samsung Internet Android Full support 1.0 Chrome Full support 12 Edge Full support 12 Firefox Full support 10 IE Full support 10 Opera Full support 15 Safari Full support 4 WebView Android Full support 3 Chrome Android Full support 18 Firefox Android Full support 10 Opera Android Full support 14 Safari iOS Full support 3.2 Samsung Internet Android Full support 1.0

### Legend

Full support
Full support
See implementation notes.
See implementation notes.