# rotate()

The `rotate()` CSS function defines a transformation that rotates an element around a fixed point on the 2D plane, without deforming it. Its result is a `<transform-function>` data type.

The fixed point that the element rotates around — mentioned above — is also known as the transform origin. This defaults to the center of the element, but you can set your own custom transform origin using the `transform-origin` property.

## Syntax

The amount of rotation created by `rotate()` is specified by an `<angle>`. If positive, the movement will be clockwise; if negative, it will be counter-clockwise. A rotation by 180° is called point reflection.

``````rotate(a)
``````

### Values

a
Is an `<angle>` representing the angle of the rotation. A positive angle denotes a clockwise rotation, a negative angle a counter-clockwise one.
Cartesian coordinates on ℝ2 Homogeneous coordinates on ℝℙ2 Cartesian coordinates on ℝ3 Homogeneous coordinates on ℝℙ3
$\left(\begin{array}{cc}cos\left(a\right)& -sin\left(a\right)\\ sin\left(a\right)& cos\left(a\right)\end{array}\right)$ $\left(\begin{array}{ccc}cos\left(a\right)& -sin\left(a\right)& 0\\ sin\left(a\right)& cos\left(a\right)& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)$ $\left(\begin{array}{ccc}cos\left(a\right)& -sin\left(a\right)& 0\\ sin\left(a\right)& cos\left(a\right)& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)$ $\left(\begin{array}{cccc}cos\left(a\right)& -sin\left(a\right)& 0& 0\\ sin\left(a\right)& cos\left(a\right)& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)$
`[cos(a) sin(a) -sin(a) cos(a) 0 0]`

## Examples

### Basic example

#### HTML

``````<div>Normal</div>
<div class="rotated">Rotated</div>``````

#### CSS

``````div {
width: 80px;
height: 80px;
background-color: skyblue;
}

.rotated {
transform: rotate(45deg); /* Equal to rotateZ(45deg) */
background-color: pink;
}
``````

### Combining rotation with another transformation

If you want apply multiple transformations to an element, be careful about the order in which you specify your transformations. For example, if you rotate before translating, the translation will be along the new axis of rotation!

#### HTML

``````<div>Normal</div>
<div class="rotate">Rotated</div>
<div class="rotate-translate">Rotated + Translated</div>
<div class="translate-rotate">Translated + Rotated</div>
``````

#### CSS

``````div {
position: absolute;
left: 40px;
top: 40px;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: lightgray;
}

.rotate {
background-color: transparent;
outline: 2px dashed;
transform: rotate(45deg);
}

.rotate-translate {
background-color: pink;
transform: rotate(45deg) translateX(180px);
}

.translate-rotate {
background-color: gold;
transform: translateX(180px) rotate(45deg);
}
``````

## Specifications

Specification Status Comment
CSS Transforms Level 1
The definition of 'rotate()' in that specification.
Working Draft Initial definition

## Browser compatibility

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