Using CSS transitions

CSS transitions provide a way to control animation speed when changing CSS properties. Instead of having property changes take effect immediately, you can cause the changes in a property to take place over a period of time. For example, if you change the color of an element from white to black, usually the change is instantaneous. With CSS transitions enabled, changes occur at time intervals that follow an acceleration curve, all of which can be customized.

Animations that involve transitioning between two states are often called implicit transitions as the states in between the start and final states are implicitly defined by the browser.

A CSS transition tells the browser to draw the intermediate states between the initial and final states, showing the user a smooth transitions.

CSS transitions let you decide which properties to animate (by listing them explicitly), when the animation will start (by setting a delay), how long the transition will last (by setting a duration), and how the transition will run (by defining an easing function, e.g., linearly or quick at the beginning, slow at the end).

Which CSS properties can be transitioned?

The Web author can define which property has to be animated and in which way. This allows the creation of complex transitions. However, some properties are not animatable as it doesn't make sense to animate them.

Note: The auto value is often a very complex case. The specification recommends not animating from and to auto. Some user agents, like those based on Gecko, implement this requirement and others, like those based on WebKit, are less strict. Using animations with auto may lead to unpredictable results, depending on the browser and its version, and should be avoided.

Defining transitions

CSS Transitions are controlled using the shorthand transition property. This is the best way to configure transitions, as it makes it easier to avoid out of sync parameters, which can be very frustrating to have to spend lots of time debugging in CSS.

You can control the individual components of the transition with the following sub-properties:

transition-property: Specifies the name or names of the CSS properties to which transitions should be applied. Only properties listed here are animated during transitions; changes to all other properties occur instantaneously as usual.
transition-duration: Specifies the duration over which transitions should occur. You can specify a single duration that applies to all properties during the transition, or multiple values to allow each property to transition over a different period of time.
transition-timing-function: Specifies a function to define how intermediate values for properties are computed. Easing functions determine how intermediate values of the transition are calculated. Most easing functions can be specified by providing the graph of the corresponding function, as defined by four points defining a cubic bezier. You can also choose easing from Easing functions cheat sheet.
transition-delay: Defines how long to wait between the time a property is changed and the transition actually begins.

The transition shorthand CSS syntax is written as follows:

css

div {
  transition: <property> <duration> <timing-function> <delay>;
}

Examples

Basic example

This example performs a four-second font size transition with a two-second delay between the time the user mouses over the element and the beginning of the animation effect:

css

#delay {
  font-size: 14px;
  transition-property: font-size;
  transition-duration: 4s;
  transition-delay: 2s;
}

#delay:hover {
  font-size: 36px;
}

Multiple animated properties example

<body>
  <p>
    The box below combines transitions for: width, height, background-color,
    rotate. Hover over the box to see these properties animated.
  </p>
  <div class="box">Sample</div>
</body>

CSS

css

.box {
  border-style: solid;
  border-width: 1px;
  display: block;
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  background-color: #0000ff;
  transition:
    width 2s,
    height 2s,
    background-color 2s,
    rotate 2s;
}

.box:hover {
  background-color: #ffcccc;
  width: 200px;
  height: 200px;
  rotate: 180deg;
}

When property value lists are of different lengths

If any property's list of values is shorter than the others, its values are repeated to make them match. For example:

css

div {
  transition-property: opacity, left, top, height;
  transition-duration: 3s, 5s;
}

This is treated as if it were:

css

div {
  transition-property: opacity, left, top, height;
  transition-duration: 3s, 5s, 3s, 5s;
}

Similarly, if any property's value list is longer than that for transition-property, it's truncated, so if you have the following CSS:

css

div {
  transition-property: opacity, left;
  transition-duration: 3s, 5s, 2s, 1s;
}

This gets interpreted as:

css

div {
  transition-property: opacity, left;
  transition-duration: 3s, 5s;
}

Using transitions when highlighting menus

A common use of CSS is to highlight items in a menu as the user hovers the mouse cursor over them. It's easy to use transitions to make the effect even more attractive.

First, we set up the menu using HTML:

html

<nav>
  <a href="#">Home</a>
  <a href="#">About</a>
  <a href="#">Contact Us</a>
  <a href="#">Links</a>
</nav>

Then we build the CSS to implement the look and feel of our menu:

css

nav {
  display: flex;
  gap: 0.5rem;
}

a {
  flex: 1;
  background-color: #333;
  color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid;
  padding: 0.5rem;
  text-align: center;
  text-decoration: none;
  transition: all 0.5s ease-out;
}

a:hover,
a:focus {
  background-color: #fff;
  color: #333;
}

This CSS establishes the look of the menu, with the background and text colors both changing when the element is in its :hover and :focus states:

Transitioning display and content-visibility

This example demonstrates how display and content-visibility can be transitioned. This behavior is useful for creating entry/exit animations where you want to for example remove a container from the DOM with display: none, but have it fade out with opacity rather than disappearing immediately.

Supporting browsers transition display and content-visibility with a variation on the discrete animation type. This generally means that properties will flip between two values 50% through animating between the two.

There is an exception, however, which is when animating to/from display: none or content-visibility: hidden. In this case, the browser will flip between the two values so that the transitioned content is shown for the entire animation duration.

So for example:

When animating display from none to block (or another visible display value), the value will flip to block at 0% of the animation duration so it is visible throughout.
When animating display from block (or another visible display value) to none, the value will flip to none at 100% of the animation duration so it is visible throughout.

When transitioning these properties transition-behavior: allow-discrete needs to be set on the transitions. This effectively enables display/content-visibility transitions.

When transitioning display, @starting-style is needed to provide a set of starting values for properties set on an element that you want to transition from when the element receives its first style update. This is needed to avoid unexpected behavior. By default, CSS transitions are not triggered on elements' first style updates when they first appear in the DOM, which includes when display changes from none to another state. content-visibility animations do not need starting values specified in a @starting-style block. This is because content-visibility doesn't hide an element from the DOM like display does: it just skips rendering the element's content.

HTML

The HTML contains two <p> elements with a <div> in between that we will animate from display none to block.

html

<p>
  Click anywhere on the screen or press any key to toggle the
  <code>&lt;div&gt;</code> between hidden and showing.
</p>

<div>
  This is a <code>&lt;div&gt;</code> element that transitions between
  <code>display: none; opacity: 0</code> and
  <code>display: block; opacity: 1</code>. Neat, huh?
</div>

<p>
  This is another paragraph to show that <code>display: none;</code> is being
  applied and removed on the above <code>&lt;div&gt; </code>. If only its
  <code>opacity</code> was being changed, it would always take up the space in
  the DOM.
</p>

CSS

css

html {
  height: 100vh;
}

div {
  font-size: 1.6rem;
  padding: 20px;
  border: 3px solid red;
  border-radius: 20px;
  width: 480px;

  display: none;
  opacity: 0;
  transition:
    opacity 1s,
    display 1s allow-discrete;
  /* Equivalent to
  transition: all 1s allow-discrete; */
}

.showing {
  opacity: 1;
  display: block;
}

@starting-style {
  .showing {
    opacity: 0;
  }
}

Note the @starting-style block used to specify the starting style for the transition, and the inclusion of the display property in the transitions list, with allow-discrete set on it.

JavaScript

Finally, we include a bit of JavaScript to set up event listeners to trigger the transition (via the showing class).

const divElem = document.querySelector("div");
const htmlElem = document.querySelector(":root");

htmlElem.addEventListener("click", showHide);
document.addEventListener("keydown", showHide);

function showHide() {
  divElem.classList.toggle("showing");
}

Result

The code renders as follows:

JavaScript examples

Note: Care should be taken when using a transition immediately after:

adding the element to the DOM using .appendChild()
removing an element's display: none; property.

This is treated as if the initial state had never occurred and the element was always in its final state. The easy way to overcome this limitation is to apply a setTimeout() of a handful of milliseconds before changing the CSS property you intend to transition to.

Using transitions to make JavaScript functionality smooth

Transitions are a great tool to make things look much smoother without having to do anything to your JavaScript functionality. Take the following example.

html

<p>Click anywhere to move the ball</p>
<div id="foo" class="ball"></div>

Using JavaScript you can make the effect of moving the ball to a certain position happen:

const f = document.getElementById("foo");
document.addEventListener(
  "click",
  (ev) => {
    f.style.transform = `translateY(${ev.clientY - 25}px)`;
    f.style.transform += `translateX(${ev.clientX - 25}px)`;
  },
  false,
);

With CSS you can make it smooth without any extra effort. Add a transition to the element and any change will happen smoothly:

css

.ball {
  border-radius: 25px;
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
  background: #c00;
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  transition: transform 1s;
}

Detecting the start and completion of a transition

You can use the transitionend event to detect that an animation has finished running. This is a TransitionEvent object, which has two added properties beyond a typical Event object:

propertyName: A string indicating the name of the CSS property whose transition completed.
elapsedTime: A float indicating the number of seconds the transition had been running at the time the event fired. This value isn't affected by the value of transition-delay.

As usual, you can use the addEventListener() method to monitor for this event:

el.addEventListener("transitionend", updateTransition, true);

You detect the beginning of a transition using transitionrun (fires before any delay) and transitionstart (fires after any delay), in the same kind of fashion:

el.addEventListener("transitionrun", signalStart, true);
el.addEventListener("transitionstart", signalStart, true);

Note: The transitionend event doesn't fire if the transition is aborted before the transition is completed because either the element is made display: none or the animating property's value is changed.

Specifications

Specification
CSS Transitions