JavaScript Guide

The JavaScript Guide shows you how to use JavaScript and gives an overview of the language. If you need exhaustive information about a language feature, have a look at the JavaScript reference.

Chapters

This Guide is divided into several chapters:

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Related Topics
  1. JavaScript
  2. Tutorials:
  3. Complete beginners
    1. JavaScript basics
    2. JavaScript first steps
    3. JavaScript building blocks
    4. Introducing JavaScript objects
  4. JavaScript Guide
    1. Introduction
    2. Grammar and types
    3. Control flow and error handling
    4. Loops and iteration
    5. Functions
    6. Expressions and operators
    7. Numbers and dates
    8. Text formatting
    9. Regular expressions
    10. Indexed collections
    11. Keyed collections
    12. Working with objects
    13. Details of the object model
    14. Using promises
    15. Iterators and generators
    16. Meta programming
    17. JavaScript modules
  5. Intermediate
    1. Introducing JavaScript objects
    2. Client-side web APIs
    3. A re-introduction to JavaScript
    4. JavaScript data structures
    5. Equality comparisons and sameness
    6. Closures
  6. Advanced
    1. Inheritance and the prototype chain
    2. Strict mode
    3. JavaScript typed arrays
    4. Memory Management
    5. Concurrency model and Event Loop
  7. References:
  8. Built-in objects
    1. AggregateError
    2. Array
    3. ArrayBuffer
    4. AsyncFunction
    5. AsyncIterator
    6. Atomics
    7. BigInt
    8. BigInt64Array
    9. BigUint64Array
    10. Boolean
    11. DataView
    12. Date
    13. Error
    14. EvalError
    15. Float32Array
    16. Float64Array
    17. Function
    18. Generator
    19. GeneratorFunction
    20. Infinity
    21. Int16Array
    22. Int32Array
    23. Int8Array
    24. InternalError
    25. Intl
    26. Intl.Collator
    27. Intl.DateTimeFormat
    28. Intl.DisplayNames
    29. Intl.ListFormat
    30. Intl.Locale
    31. Intl.NumberFormat
    32. Intl.PluralRules
    33. Intl.RelativeTimeFormat
    34. Iterator
    35. JSON
    36. Map
    37. Math
    38. NaN
    39. Number
    40. Object
    41. Promise
    42. Proxy
    43. RangeError
    44. ReferenceError
    45. Reflect
    46. RegExp
    47. Set
    48. SharedArrayBuffer
    49. String
    50. Symbol
    51. SyntaxError
    52. TypeError
    53. TypedArray
    54. URIError
    55. Uint16Array
    56. Uint32Array
    57. Uint8Array
    58. Uint8ClampedArray
    59. WeakMap
    60. WeakSet
    61. WebAssembly
    62. decodeURI()
    63. decodeURIComponent()
    64. encodeURI()
    65. encodeURIComponent()
    66. escape()
    67. eval()
    68. globalThis
    69. isFinite()
    70. isNaN()
    71. null
    72. parseFloat()
    73. parseInt()
    74. undefined
    75. unescape()
    76. uneval()
  9. Expressions & operators
    1. Arithmetic operators
    2. Array comprehensions
    3. Assignment operators
    4. Bitwise operators
    5. Comma operator
    6. Comparison operators
    7. Conditional (ternary) operator
    8. Destructuring assignment
    9. Expression closures
    10. Function expression
    11. Generator comprehensions
    12. Grouping operator
    13. Legacy generator function expression
    14. Logical operators
    15. Nullish coalescing operator
    16. Object initializer
    17. Operator precedence
    18. Optional chaining
    19. Pipeline operator
    20. Property accessors
    21. Spread syntax
    22. async function expression
    23. await
    24. class expression
    25. delete operator
    26. function* expression
    27. in operator
    28. instanceof
    29. new operator
    30. new.target
    31. super
    32. this
    33. typeof
    34. void operator
    35. yield
    36. yield*
  10. Statements & declarations
    1. Legacy generator function
    2. async function
    3. block
    4. break
    5. class
    6. const
    7. continue
    8. debugger
    9. default
    10. do...while
    11. empty
    12. export
    13. for
    14. for await...of
    15. for each...in
    16. for...in
    17. for...of
    18. function declaration
    19. function*
    20. if...else
    21. import
    22. import.meta
    23. label
    24. let
    25. return
    26. switch
    27. throw
    28. try...catch
    29. var
    30. while
    31. with
  11. Functions
    1. Arrow function expressions
    2. Default parameters
    3. Method definitions
    4. Rest parameters
    5. The arguments object
    6. getter
    7. setter
  12. Classes
    1. Class fields
    2. constructor
    3. extends
    4. static
  13. Errors
    1. Error: Permission denied to access property "x"
    2. InternalError: too much recursion
    3. RangeError: argument is not a valid code point
    4. RangeError: invalid array length
    5. RangeError: invalid date
    6. RangeError: precision is out of range
    7. RangeError: radix must be an integer
    8. RangeError: repeat count must be less than infinity
    9. RangeError: repeat count must be non-negative
    10. ReferenceError: "x" is not defined
    11. ReferenceError: assignment to undeclared variable "x"
    12. ReferenceError: can't access lexical declaration`X' before initialization
    13. ReferenceError: deprecated caller or arguments usage
    14. ReferenceError: invalid assignment left-hand side
    15. ReferenceError: reference to undefined property "x"
    16. SyntaxError: "0"-prefixed octal literals and octal escape seq. are deprecated
    17. SyntaxError: "use strict" not allowed in function with non-simple parameters
    18. SyntaxError: "x" is a reserved identifier
    19. SyntaxError: JSON.parse: bad parsing
    20. SyntaxError: Malformed formal parameter
    21. SyntaxError: Unexpected token
    22. SyntaxError: Using //@ to indicate sourceURL pragmas is deprecated. Use //# instead
    23. SyntaxError: a declaration in the head of a for-of loop can't have an initializer
    24. SyntaxError: applying the 'delete' operator to an unqualified name is deprecated
    25. SyntaxError: for-in loop head declarations may not have initializers
    26. SyntaxError: function statement requires a name
    27. SyntaxError: identifier starts immediately after numeric literal
    28. SyntaxError: illegal character
    29. SyntaxError: invalid regular expression flag "x"
    30. SyntaxError: missing ) after argument list
    31. SyntaxError: missing ) after condition
    32. SyntaxError: missing : after property id
    33. SyntaxError: missing ; before statement
    34. SyntaxError: missing = in const declaration
    35. SyntaxError: missing ] after element list
    36. SyntaxError: missing formal parameter
    37. SyntaxError: missing name after . operator
    38. SyntaxError: missing variable name
    39. SyntaxError: missing } after function body
    40. SyntaxError: missing } after property list
    41. SyntaxError: redeclaration of formal parameter "x"
    42. SyntaxError: return not in function
    43. SyntaxError: test for equality (==) mistyped as assignment (=)?
    44. SyntaxError: unterminated string literal
    45. TypeError: "x" has no properties
    46. TypeError: "x" is (not) "y"
    47. TypeError: "x" is not a constructor
    48. TypeError: "x" is not a function
    49. TypeError: "x" is not a non-null object
    50. TypeError: "x" is read-only
    51. TypeError: 'x' is not iterable
    52. TypeError: More arguments needed
    53. TypeError: Reduce of empty array with no initial value
    54. TypeError: X.prototype.y called on incompatible type
    55. TypeError: can't access dead object
    56. TypeError: can't access property "x" of "y"
    57. TypeError: can't assign to property "x" on "y": not an object
    58. TypeError: can't define property "x": "obj" is not extensible
    59. TypeError: can't delete non-configurable array element
    60. TypeError: can't redefine non-configurable property "x"
    61. TypeError: cannot use 'in' operator to search for 'x' in 'y'
    62. TypeError: cyclic object value
    63. TypeError: invalid 'instanceof' operand 'x'
    64. TypeError: invalid Array.prototype.sort argument
    65. TypeError: invalid arguments
    66. TypeError: invalid assignment to const "x"
    67. TypeError: property "x" is non-configurable and can't be deleted
    68. TypeError: setting getter-only property "x"
    69. TypeError: variable "x" redeclares argument
    70. URIError: malformed URI sequence
    71. Warning: -file- is being assigned a //# sourceMappingURL, but already has one
    72. Warning: 08/09 is not a legal ECMA-262 octal constant
    73. Warning: Date.prototype.toLocaleFormat is deprecated
    74. Warning: JavaScript 1.6's for-each-in loops are deprecated
    75. Warning: String.x is deprecated; use String.prototype.x instead
    76. Warning: expression closures are deprecated
    77. Warning: unreachable code after return statement
  14. Misc
    1. JavaScript technologies overview
    2. Lexical grammar
    3. JavaScript data structures
    4. Enumerability and ownership of properties
    5. Iteration protocols
    6. Strict mode
    7. Transitioning to strict mode
    8. Template literals
    9. Deprecated features