Expressions and operators

For an alphabetical listing see the sidebar on the left.

Basic keywords and general expressions in JavaScript. These expressions have the highest precedence (higher than operators).

this

The this keyword refers to a special property of an execution context.

Literals

Basic null, boolean, number, and string literals.

[]

Array initializer/literal syntax.

{}

Object initializer/literal syntax.

function

The function keyword defines a function expression.

class

The class keyword defines a class expression.

function*

The function* keyword defines a generator function expression.

async function

The async function defines an async function expression.

async function*

The async function* keywords define an async generator function expression.

/ab+c/i

Regular expression literal syntax.

`string`

Template literal syntax.

( )

Grouping operator.

Left values are the destination of an assignment.

Property accessors

Member operators provide access to a property or method of an object (object.property and object["property"]).

?.

The optional chaining operator returns undefined instead of causing an error if a reference is nullish (null or undefined).

new

The new operator creates an instance of a constructor.

new.target

In constructors, new.target refers to the constructor that was invoked by new.

import.meta

An object exposing context-specific metadata to a JavaScript module.

super

The super keyword calls the parent constructor or allows accessing properties of the parent object.

import()

The import() syntax allows loading a module asynchronously and dynamically into a potentially non-module environment.

Postfix/prefix increment and postfix/prefix decrement operators.

A++

Postfix increment operator.

A--

Postfix decrement operator.

++A

Prefix increment operator.

--A

Prefix decrement operator.

A unary operation is an operation with only one operand.

delete

The delete operator deletes a property from an object.

void

The void operator evaluates an expression and discards its return value.

typeof

The typeof operator determines the type of a given object.

+

The unary plus operator converts its operand to Number type.

-

The unary negation operator converts its operand to Number type and then negates it.

~

Bitwise NOT operator.

!

Logical NOT operator.

await

Pause and resume an async function and wait for the promise's fulfillment/rejection.

Arithmetic operators take numerical values (either literals or variables) as their operands and return a single numerical value.

**

Exponentiation operator.

*

Multiplication operator.

/

Division operator.

%

Remainder operator.

+ (Plus)

Addition operator.

-

Subtraction operator.

A comparison operator compares its operands and returns a boolean value based on whether the comparison is true.

< (Less than)

Less than operator.

> (Greater than)

Greater than operator.

<=

Less than or equal operator.

>=

Greater than or equal operator.

instanceof

The instanceof operator determines whether an object is an instance of another object.

in

The in operator determines whether an object has a given property.

The result of evaluating an equality operator is always of type boolean based on whether the comparison is true.

==

Equality operator.

!=

Inequality operator.

===

Strict equality operator.

!==

Strict inequality operator.

Operations to shift all bits of the operand.

<<

Bitwise left shift operator.

>>

Bitwise right shift operator.

>>>

Bitwise unsigned right shift operator.

Bitwise operators treat their operands as a set of 32 bits (zeros and ones) and return standard JavaScript numerical values.

&

Bitwise AND.

|

Bitwise OR.

^

Bitwise XOR.

Logical operators implement boolean (logical) values and have short-circuiting behavior.

&&

Logical AND.

||

Logical OR.

??

Nullish Coalescing Operator.

(condition ? ifTrue : ifFalse)

The conditional operator returns one of two values based on the logical value of the condition.

An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.

=

Assignment operator.

*=

Multiplication assignment.

/=

Division assignment.

%=

Remainder assignment.

+=

Addition assignment.

-=

Subtraction assignment

<<=

Left shift assignment.

>>=

Right shift assignment.

>>>=

Unsigned right shift assignment.

&=

Bitwise AND assignment.

^=

Bitwise XOR assignment.

|=

Bitwise OR assignment.

**=

Exponentiation assignment.

&&=

Logical AND assignment.

||=

Logical OR assignment.

??=

Nullish coalescing assignment.

[a, b] = arr, { a, b } = obj

Destructuring assignment allows you to assign the properties of an array or object to variables using syntax that looks similar to array or object literals.

yield

Pause and resume a generator function.

yield*

Delegate to another generator function or iterable object.

...obj

Spread syntax allows an iterable, such as an array or string, to be expanded in places where zero or more arguments (for function calls) or elements (for array literals) are expected. In an object literal, the spread syntax enumerates the properties of an object and adds the key-value pairs to the object being created.

,

The comma operator allows multiple expressions to be evaluated in a single statement and returns the result of the last expression.

• Operator precedence