Element: innerHTML property

The Element property innerHTML gets or sets the HTML or XML markup contained within the element.

More precisely, innerHTML gets a serialization of the nested child DOM elements within the element, or sets HTML or XML that should be parsed to replace the DOM tree within the element.

To insert the HTML into the document rather than replace the contents of an element, use the method insertAdjacentHTML().

The serialization of the DOM tree read from the property does not include shadow roots — if you want to get a HTML string that includes shadow roots, you must instead use the Element.getHTML() or ShadowRoot.getHTML() methods. Similarly, when setting element content using innerHTML, the HTML string is parsed into DOM elements that do not contain shadow roots.

So for example <template> is parsed into as HTMLTemplateElement, whether or not the shadowrootmode attribute is specfied In order to set an element's contents from an HTML string that includes declarative shadow roots, you must use either Element.setHTMLUnsafe() or ShadowRoot.setHTMLUnsafe().

Value

A string containing the HTML serialization of the element's descendants. Setting the value of innerHTML removes all of the element's descendants and replaces them with nodes constructed by parsing the HTML given in the string htmlString.

When set to the null value, that null value is converted to the empty string (""), so elt.innerHTML = null is equivalent to elt.innerHTML = "".

Exceptions

SyntaxError DOMException

Thrown if an attempt was made to set the value of innerHTML using a string which is not properly-formed HTML.

NoModificationAllowedError DOMException

Thrown if an attempt was made to insert the HTML into a node whose parent is a Document.

Usage notes

Reading the HTML contents of an element

Reading innerHTML causes the user agent to serialize the HTML or XML fragment comprised of the element's descendants. The resulting string is returned.

js
let contents = myElement.innerHTML;

This lets you look at the HTML markup of the element's content nodes.

Note: The returned HTML or XML fragment is generated based on the current contents of the element, so the markup and formatting of the returned fragment is likely not to match the original page markup.

Replacing the contents of an element

Setting the value of innerHTML lets you easily replace the existing contents of an element with new content.

Warning: This is a security risk if the string to be inserted might contain potentially malicious content. When inserting user-supplied data you should always consider using a sanitizer library, in order to sanitize the content before it is inserted.

For example, you can erase the entire contents of a document by clearing the contents of the document's body attribute:

js
document.body.textContent = "";

This example fetches the document's current HTML markup and replaces the "<" characters with the character reference "&lt;", thereby essentially converting the HTML into raw text. This is then wrapped in a <pre> element. Then the value of innerHTML is changed to this new string. As a result, the document contents are replaced with a display of the page's entire source code.

js
document.documentElement.innerHTML = `<pre>${document.documentElement.innerHTML.replace(
  /</g,
  "&lt;",
)}</pre>`;

Operational details

What exactly happens when you set value of innerHTML? Doing so causes the user agent to follow these steps:

  1. The specified value is parsed as HTML or XML (based on the document type), resulting in a DocumentFragment object representing the new set of DOM nodes for the new elements.
  2. If the element whose contents are being replaced is a <template> element, then the <template> element's content attribute is replaced with the new DocumentFragment created in step 1.
  3. For all other elements, the element's contents are replaced with the nodes in the new DocumentFragment.

Appending HTML to an element

Setting the value of innerHTML lets you append new contents to the existing one of an element.

For example, we can append a new list item (<li>) to the existing list (<ul>):

HTML

html
<ul id="list">
  <li><a href="#">Item 1</a></li>
  <li><a href="#">Item 2</a></li>
  <li><a href="#">Item 3</a></li>
</ul>

JavaScript

js
const list = document.getElementById("list");

list.innerHTML += `<li><a href="#">Item ${list.children.length + 1}</a></li>`;

Please note that using innerHTML to append HTML elements (e.g. el.innerHTML += "<a href='…'>link</a>") will result in the removal of any previously set event listeners. That is, after you append any HTML element that way you won't be able to listen to the previously set event listeners.

Security considerations

It is not uncommon to see innerHTML used to insert text into a web page. There is potential for this to become an attack vector on a site, creating a potential security risk.

js
let name = "John";
// assuming 'el' is an HTML DOM element
el.innerHTML = name; // harmless in this case

// …

name = "<script>alert('I am John in an annoying alert!')</script>";
el.innerHTML = name; // harmless in this case

Although this may look like a cross-site scripting attack, the result is harmless. HTML specifies that a <script> tag inserted with innerHTML should not execute.

However, there are ways to execute JavaScript without using <script> elements, so there is still a security risk whenever you use innerHTML to set strings over which you have no control. For example:

js
const name = "<img src='x' onerror='alert(1)'>";
el.innerHTML = name; // shows the alert

For that reason, it is recommended that instead of innerHTML you use:

  • Node.textContent when inserting plain text, as this inserts it as raw text rather than parsing it as HTML.

Warning: If your project is one that will undergo any form of security review, using innerHTML most likely will result in your code being rejected. For example, if you use innerHTML in a browser extension and submit the extension to addons.mozilla.org, it may be rejected in the review process. Please see Safely inserting external content into a page for alternative methods.

Examples

This example uses innerHTML to create a mechanism for logging messages into a box on a web page.

JavaScript

js
function log(msg) {
  const logElem = document.querySelector(".log");

  const time = new Date();
  const timeStr = time.toLocaleTimeString();
  logElem.innerHTML += `${timeStr}: ${msg}<br/>`;
}

log("Logging mouse events inside this container…");

The log() function creates the log output by getting the current time from a Date object using toLocaleTimeString(), and building a string with the timestamp and the message text. Then the message is appended to the box with the class "log".

We add a second method that logs information about MouseEvent based events (such as mousedown, click, and mouseenter):

js
function logEvent(event) {
  const msg = `Event <strong>${event.type}</strong> at <em>${event.clientX}, ${event.clientY}</em>`;
  log(msg);
}

Then we use this as the event handler for a number of mouse events on the box that contains our log:

js
const boxElem = document.querySelector(".box");

boxElem.addEventListener("mousedown", logEvent);
boxElem.addEventListener("mouseup", logEvent);
boxElem.addEventListener("click", logEvent);
boxElem.addEventListener("mouseenter", logEvent);
boxElem.addEventListener("mouseleave", logEvent);

HTML

The HTML is quite simple for our example.

html
<div class="box">
  <div><strong>Log:</strong></div>
  <div class="log"></div>
</div>

The <div> with the class "box" is just a container for layout purposes, presenting the contents with a box around it. The <div> whose class is "log" is the container for the log text itself.

CSS

The following CSS styles our example content.

css
.box {
  width: 600px;
  height: 300px;
  border: 1px solid black;
  padding: 2px 4px;
  overflow-y: scroll;
  overflow-x: auto;
}

.log {
  margin-top: 8px;
  font-family: monospace;
}

Result

The resulting content looks like this. You can see output into the log by moving the mouse in and out of the box, clicking in it, and so forth.

Specifications

Specification
HTML Standard
# dom-element-innerhtml

Browser compatibility

BCD tables only load in the browser

See also