The box model

In CSS we have several types of boxes that generally fit into the categories of block boxes and inline boxes. The type refers to how the box behaves in terms of page flow and in relation to other boxes on the page. Boxes have an inner display type and an outer display type.

In general, you can set various values for the display type using the display property, which can have various values.

If a box has a display value of block, then:

• The box will break onto a new line.
• The width and height properties are respected.
• Padding, margin and border will cause other elements to be pushed away from the box.
• If width is not specified, the box will extend in the inline direction to fill the space available in its container. In most cases, the box will become as wide as its container, filling up 100% of the space available.

Some HTML elements, such as <h1> and <p>, use block as their outer display type by default.

If a box has a display type of inline, then:

• The box will not break onto a new line.
• The width and height properties will not apply.
• Top and bottom padding, margins, and borders will apply but will not cause other inline boxes to move away from the box.
• Left and right padding, margins, and borders will apply and will cause other inline boxes to move away from the box.

Some HTML elements, such as <a>, <span>, <em> and <strong> use inline as their outer display type by default.

Block and inline layout is the default way things behave on the web. By default and without any other instruction, the elements inside a box are also laid out in normal flow and behave as block or inline boxes.

block and inline display values are said to be outer display types — they affect how the box is laid out in relation to other boxes around it. Boxes also have an inner display type, which dictates how elements inside that box are laid out.

You can change the inner display type by setting an inner display value, for example display: flex;. The element will still use the outer display type block but this changes the inner display type to flex. Any direct children of this box will become flex items and behave according to the Flexbox specification.

When you move on to learn about CSS Layout in more detail, you will encounter flex, and various other inner values that your boxes can have, for example grid.

Don't worry too much about the inner and outer terminology for now; this is what is happening internally, and we mentioned it here in case you come across it elsewhere. Generally, you will just deal with single display values, and won't need to think about it much.

The example below has three different HTML elements, all of which have an outer display type of block.

• A paragraph with a border added in CSS. The browser renders this as a block box. The paragraph starts on a new line and extends the entire available width.

• A list, which is laid out using display: flex. This establishes flex layout for the children of the container, which are flex items. The list itself is a block box and — like the paragraph — expands to the full container width and breaks onto a new line.

• A block-level paragraph, inside which are two <span> elements. These elements would normally be inline, however, one of the elements has a class of "block" which gets set to display: block.

<p>I am a paragraph. A short one.</p>
<ul>
  <li>Item One</li>
  <li>Item Two</li>
  <li>Item Three</li>
</ul>
<p>
  I am another paragraph. Some of the <span class="block">words</span> have been
  wrapped in a <span>span element</span>.
</p>

body {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}
p,
ul {
  border: 2px solid rebeccapurple;
  padding: 0.2em;
}

.block,
li {
  border: 2px solid blue;
  padding: 0.2em;
}

ul {
  display: flex;
  list-style: none;
}

.block {
  display: block;
}

In the next example, we can see how inline elements behave.

• The <span> elements in the first paragraph are inline by default and so do not force line breaks.

• The <ul> element that is set to display: inline-flex creates an inline box containing some flex items.

• The two paragraphs are both set to display: inline. The inline flex container and paragraphs all run together on one line rather than breaking onto new lines (as they would do if they were displaying as block-level elements).

To toggle between the display modes, you can change display: inline to display: block or display: inline-flex to display: flex:

<p>
  I am a paragraph. Some of the
  <span>words</span> have been wrapped in a <span>span element</span>.
</p>
<ul>
  <li>Item One</li>
  <li>Item Two</li>
  <li>Item Three</li>
</ul>
<p class="inline">I am a paragraph. A short one.</p>
<p class="inline">I am another paragraph. Also a short one.</p>

body {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}
p,
ul {
  border: 2px solid rebeccapurple;
}

span,
li {
  border: 2px solid blue;
}

ul {
  display: inline-flex;
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
}

.inline {
  display: inline;
}

The key thing to remember for now is: Changing the value of the display property can change whether the outer display type of a box is block or inline. This changes the way it displays alongside other elements in the layout.

The CSS box model as a whole applies to block boxes and defines how the different parts of a box — margin, border, padding, and content — work together to create a box that you can see on a page. Inline boxes use just some of the behavior defined in the box model.

To add complexity, there is a standard and an alternate box model. By default, browsers use the standard box model.

Making up a block box in CSS we have the:

• Content box: The area where your content is displayed; size it using properties like width and height.
• Padding box: The padding sits around the content as white space; size it using padding and related properties.
• Border box: The border box wraps the content and any padding; size it using border and related properties.
• Margin box: The margin is the outermost layer, wrapping the content, padding, and border as whitespace between this box and other elements; size it using margin and related properties.

The below diagram shows these layers:

In the standard box model, if you set width and height property values on a box, these values define the width and height of the content box. Any padding and borders are then added to those dimensions to get the total size taken up by the box (see the image below).

If we assume that a box has the following CSS:

.box {
  width: 350px;
  height: 150px;
  margin: 10px;
  padding: 25px;
  border: 5px solid black;
}

The actual space taken up by the box will be 410px wide (350 + 25 + 25 + 5 + 5) and 210px high (150 + 25 + 25 + 5 + 5).

In the alternative box model, any width is the width of the visible box on the page. The content area width is that width minus the width for the padding and border (see image below). No need to add up the border and padding to get the real size of the box.

To turn on the alternative model for an element, set box-sizing: border-box on it:

.box {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

If we assume the box has the same CSS as above:

.box {
  width: 350px;
  height: 150px;
  margin: 10px;
  padding: 25px;
  border: 5px solid black;
}

Now, the actual space taken up by the box will be 350px in the inline direction and 150px in the block direction.

To use the alternative box model for all of your elements (which is a common choice among developers), set the box-sizing property on the <html> element and set all other elements to inherit that value:

html {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

*,
*::before,
*::after {
  box-sizing: inherit;
}

To understand the underlying idea, you can read the CSS Tricks article on box-sizing.

In the example below, you can see two boxes. Both have a class of .box, which gives them the same width, height, margin, border, and padding. The only difference is that the second box has been set to use the alternative box model. Can you change the size of the second box (by adding CSS to the .alternate class) to make it match the first box in width and height?

<div class="box">I use the standard box model.</div>
<div class="box alternate">I use the alternate box model.</div>

.box {
  border: 5px solid rebeccapurple;
  background-color: lightgray;
  padding: 40px;
  margin: 40px;
  width: 300px;
  height: 150px;
}

.alternate {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

Your browser developer tools can make understanding the box model far easier — they can show you the size of the element plus its margin, padding, and border. Inspecting an element in this way is a great way to find out if your box is really the size you think it is!

You've already seen the margin, padding, and border properties at work in the example above. The properties used in that example are shorthands and allow us to set all four sides of the box at once. These shorthands also have equivalent longhand properties, which allow control over the different sides of the box individually.

Let's explore these properties in more detail.

The margin is an invisible space around your box. It pushes other elements away from the box. Margins can have positive or negative values. Setting a negative margin on one side of your box can cause it to overlap other things on the page. Whether you are using the standard or alternative box model, the margin is always added after the size of the visible box has been calculated.

We can control all margins of an element at once using the margin property, or each side individually using the equivalent longhand properties:

• margin-top
• margin-right
• margin-bottom
• margin-left

In the example below, try changing the margin values to see how the box is pushed around due to the margin creating or removing space (if it is a negative margin) between this element and the containing element.

<div class="container">
  <div class="box">Change my margin.</div>
</div>

.container {
  border: 5px solid blue;
  margin: 40px;
}

.box {
  border: 5px solid rebeccapurple;
  background-color: lightgray;
  padding: 10px;
  height: 100px;
  /* try changing the margin properties: */
  margin-top: -40px;
  margin-right: 30px;
  margin-bottom: 40px;
  margin-left: 4em;
}

Margin collapsing

Depending on whether two elements whose margins touch have positive or negative margins, the results will be different:

• Two positive margins will combine to become one margin. Its size will be equal to the largest individual margin.
• Two negative margins will collapse and the smallest (furthest from zero) value will be used.
• If one margin is negative, its value will be subtracted from the total.

In the example below, we have two paragraphs. The top paragraph has a margin-bottom of 50 pixels, the other has a margin-top of 30 pixels. The margins have collapsed together so the actual margin between the boxes is 50 pixels and not the total of the two margins.

You can test this by setting the margin-top of paragraph two to 0. The visible margin between the two paragraphs will not change — it retains the 50 pixels set in the margin-bottom of paragraph one. If you set it to -10px, you'll see that the overall margin becomes 40px — it subtracts from the 50px.

<div class="container">
  <p class="one">I am paragraph one.</p>
  <p class="two">I am paragraph two.</p>
</div>

.container {
  border: 5px solid blue;
  margin: 40px;
}

p {
  border: 5px solid rebeccapurple;
  background-color: lightgray;
  padding: 10px;
}
.one {
  margin-bottom: 50px;
}

.two {
  margin-top: 30px;
}

A number of rules dictate when margins do and do not collapse. For further information see the detailed page on mastering margin collapsing. The main thing to remember is that margin collapsing is a thing that happens if you are creating space with margins and don't get the space you expect.

The border is drawn between the margin and the padding of a box. If you are using the standard box model, the size of the border is added to the width and height of the content box. If you are using the alternative box model, then the bigger the border is, the smaller the content box is, as the border takes up some of that available width and height of the element box.

For styling borders, there are a large number of properties — there are four borders, and each border has a style, width, and color that we might want to manipulate.

You can set the width, style, or color of all four borders at once using the border property.

To set the properties of each side individually, use:

• border-top
• border-right
• border-bottom
• border-left

To set the width, style, or color of all sides, use:

• border-width
• border-style
• border-color

To set the width, style, or color of a single side, use one of the more granular longhand properties:

• border-top-width
• border-top-style
• border-top-color
• border-right-width
• border-right-style
• border-right-color
• border-bottom-width
• border-bottom-style
• border-bottom-color
• border-left-width
• border-left-style
• border-left-color

In the example below, we have used various shorthands and longhands to create borders. Play around with the different properties to check that you understand how they work. The MDN pages for the border properties give you information about the different available border styles.

<div class="container">
  <div class="box">Change my borders.</div>
</div>

body {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}
.container {
  margin: 40px;
  padding: 20px;
  border-top: 5px dotted green;
  border-right: 1px solid black;
  border-bottom: 20px double rgb(23 45 145);
}

.box {
  padding: 20px;
  background-color: lightgray;
  border: 1px solid #333333;
  border-top-style: dotted;
  border-right-width: 20px;
  border-bottom-color: hotpink;
}

The padding sits between the border and the content area and is used to push the content away from the border. Unlike margins, you cannot have a negative padding. Any background applied to your element will display behind the padding.

The padding property controls the padding on all sides of an element. To control each side individually, use these longhand properties:

• padding-top
• padding-right
• padding-bottom
• padding-left

In the example below, you can change the values for padding on the class .box to see that this changes where the text begins in relation to the box. You can also change the padding on the class .container to create space between the container and the box. You can change the padding on any element to create space between its border and whatever is inside the element.

<div class="container">
  <div class="box">Change my padding.</div>
</div>

body {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}
.box {
  border: 5px solid rebeccapurple;
  background-color: lightgray;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-right: 30px;
  padding-bottom: 40px;
  padding-left: 4em;
}

.container {
  border: 5px solid blue;
  margin: 40px;
  padding: 20px;
}

All of the above fully applies to block boxes. Some of the properties can apply to inline boxes too, such as those created by a <span> element.

In the example below, we have a <span> inside a paragraph. We have applied a width, height, margin, border, and padding to it. You can see that the width and height are ignored. The top and bottom margin, padding, and border are respected but don't change the relationship of other content to our inline box. The padding and border overlap other words in the paragraph. The left and right padding, margins, and borders move other content away from the box.

<p>
  I am a paragraph and this is a <span>span</span> inside that paragraph. A span
  is an inline element and so does not respect width and height.
</p>

body {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}
p {
  border: 2px solid rebeccapurple;
  width: 200px;
}
span {
  margin: 20px;
  padding: 20px;
  width: 80px;
  height: 150px;
  background-color: lightblue;
  border: 2px solid blue;
}

display: inline-block is a special value of display, which provides a middle ground between inline and block. Use it if you do not want an item to break onto a new line, but do want it to respect width and height and avoid the overlapping seen above.

An element with display: inline-block does a subset of the block things we already know about:

• The width and height properties are respected.
• padding, margin, and border will cause other elements to be pushed away from the box.

It does not, however, break onto a new line, and will only become larger than its content if you explicitly add width and height properties.

In this next example, we have added display: inline-block to our <span> element. Try changing this to display: block or removing the line completely to see the difference in display models:

<p>
  I am a paragraph and this is a <span>span</span> inside that paragraph. A span
  is an inline element and so does not respect width and height.
</p>

body {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}
p {
  border: 2px solid rebeccapurple;
  width: 300px;
}

span {
  margin: 20px;
  padding: 20px;
  width: 80px;
  height: 50px;
  background-color: lightblue;
  border: 2px solid blue;
  display: inline-block;
}

Where this can be useful is when you want to give a link a larger hit area by adding padding. <a> is an inline element like <span>; you can use display: inline-block to allow padding to be set on it, making it easier for a user to click the link.

You see this fairly frequently in navigation bars. The navigation below is displayed in a row using flexbox and we have added padding to the <a> element as we want to be able to change the background-color when the <a> is hovered. The padding appears to overlap the border on the <ul> element. This is because the <a> is an inline element.

Add display: inline-block; to the rule with the .links-list a selector, and you will see how it fixes this issue by causing the padding to be respected by other elements:

<nav>
  <ul class="links-list">
    <li><a href="">Link one</a></li>
    <li><a href="">Link two</a></li>
    <li><a href="">Link three</a></li>
  </ul>
</nav>

ul {
  font-family: sans-serif;
  display: flex;
  list-style: none;
  border: 1px solid #000;
}

li {
  margin: 5px;
}

.links-list a {
  background-color: rgb(179 57 81);
  color: #fff;
  text-decoration: none;
  padding: 1em 2em;
}

.links-list a:hover {
  background-color: rgb(66 28 40);
  color: #fff;
}

You've reached the end of this article, but can you remember the most important information? You can find some further tests to verify that you've retained this information before you move on — see Test your skills: The box model.

That's most of what you need to understand about the box model. You may want to return to this lesson in the future if you ever find yourself confused about how big boxes are in your layout.

In the next article, we'll take a look at how CSS handles conflicts — when multiple rules select the same element, which styles are applied?

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