Dealing with files

When you are working on a website locally on your computer, you should keep all the related files in a single folder that mirrors the published website's file structure on the server. This folder can live anywhere you like, but you should put it somewhere where you can easily find it, maybe on your Desktop, in your Home folder, or at the root of your hard drive.

1. Choose a place to store your website projects. Inside your chosen place, create a new folder called web-projects (or similar). This is where all your website projects will live.
2. Inside this first folder, create another folder to store your first website in. Call it test-site (or something more imaginative).

You'll notice that throughout this article, we ask you to name folders and files completely in lowercase with no spaces. This is because:

1. Many computers, particularly web servers, are case-sensitive. So for example, if you put an image on your website at test-site/My_Image.jpg and then in a different file you try to invoke the image as test-site/my_image.jpg, it may not work.
2. There are many ways in which using spaces in file names create issues:
   • When you invoke commands in the terminal, you have to put quotes around file names with spaces in them, or the path will be interpreted as two separate items.
   • Some programming languages (e.g. Python) do not work well with spaces in file names if these files are modules to be imported.

File names also map to URLs. For example, if you have a file called my_file.html at the root of your server-served directory, generally it will be accessible at https://example.com/my_file.html by most web servers' default behavior. Some servers will replace the spaces in your filenames with "%20" (the character code for spaces in URLs), which can create subtle bugs with some server-side logic if they assume that file names and URLs match perfectly.

It's also advisable to separate words with hyphens, rather than underscores: my-file.html vs. my_file.html. The Google search engine treats a hyphen as a word separator but does not regard an underscore that way. This can be remedied by configuring your server to replace underscores with hyphens, but that's extra work and more bug-prone with diverging file names and URLs.

For these reasons, it is best to get into the habit of writing your folder and file names in lowercase with no spaces and with words separated by hyphens, at least until you know what you're doing. That way, you'll encounter fewer problems down the road.

Next, let's look at what structure our test site should have. The most common things we'll have on any website project we create are an index HTML file and folders to contain images, style files, and script files. Let's create these now:

1. index.html: This file will generally contain your homepage content, that is, the text and images that people see when they first go to your site. Using your text editor, create a new file called index.html and save it just inside your test-site folder.
2. images folder: This folder will contain all the images that you use on your site. Create a folder called images, inside your test-site folder.
3. styles folder: This folder will contain the CSS code used to style your content (for example, setting text and background colors). Create a folder called styles, inside your test-site folder.
4. scripts folder: This folder will contain all the JavaScript code used to add interactive functionality to your site (e.g. buttons that load data when clicked). Create a folder called scripts, inside your test-site folder.

To make files talk to one another, you have to provide a file path between them — basically a route, so one file knows where another one is. To demonstrate this, we will insert a little bit of HTML into our index.html file, and make it display the image you chose in the article "What will your website look like?" Alternatively, you can choose an existing image at your disposal, on your computer or from the Web, and use it in the following steps:

1. Copy the image you chose earlier into your images folder.

2. Open up your index.html file, and insert the following code into the file exactly as shown. Don't worry about what it all means for now — we'll look at the structures in more detail later in the series.

   html

   <!doctype html>
   <html lang="en-US">
     <head>
       <meta charset="utf-8" />
       <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
       <title>My test page</title>
     </head>
     <body>
       <img src="" alt="My test image" />
     </body>
   </html>
   

3. The line <img src="" alt="My test image"> is the HTML code that inserts an image into the page. We need to tell the HTML where the image is. The image is inside the images directory, which is in the same directory as index.html. To walk down the file structure from index.html to our image, the file path we'd need is images/your-image-filename. For example, our image is called firefox-icon.png, so the file path is images/firefox-icon.png.

4. Insert the file path into your HTML code between the double quote marks of the src="" code.

5. Change the contents of the alt attribute to a description of the image you are including. In this case, alt="Firefox logo: flaming fox wrapping the world".

6. Save your HTML file, then load it in your web browser (double-click the file). You should see your new webpage displaying your image!

Some general rules for file paths:

• To link to a target file in the same directory as the invoking HTML file, just use the filename, e.g. my-image.jpg.
• To reference a file in a subdirectory, write the directory name in front of the path, plus a forward slash, e.g. subdirectory/my-image.jpg.
• To link to a target file in the directory above the invoking HTML file, write two dots. So for example, if index.html was inside a subfolder of test-site and my-image.jpg was inside test-site, you could reference my-image.jpg from index.html using ../my-image.jpg.
• You can combine these as much as you like, for example ../subdirectory/another-subdirectory/my-image.jpg.

For now, this is about all you need to know.

That is about it for now. Your folder structure should look something like this:

• Previous
• Overview: Getting started with the web
• Next