Conditional (ternary) operator

The conditional (ternary) operator is the only JavaScript operator that takes three operands. This operator is frequently used as a shortcut for the if statement.

The source for this interactive example is stored in a GitHub repository. If you'd like to contribute to the interactive examples project, please clone https://github.com/mdn/interactive-examples and send us a pull request.

Syntax

condition ? exprT : exprF 

Parameters

condition

An expression whose value is used as a condition.

exprT, exprF

Expressions with values of any type.

Description

If condition can be converted to true (it is truthy), the operator returns the value of exprT; otherwise (when condition is falsy) it returns the value of exprF.

(In either case, the other alternative expression is left unevaluated.)

Besides false, possible falsy expressions are: null, NaN, 0, the empty string (""), and undefined. If condition is any of these, the result of the conditional expression will be exprF.

A simple example:

var age = 26;
var beverage = (age >= 21) ? "Beer" : "Juice";
console.log(beverage); // "Beer"

One common usage is to handle a value that may be null:

function greeting(person) {
    var name = person ? person.name : "stranger";
    return "Howdy, " + name;
}

console.log(greeting({name: 'Alice'}));  // "Howdy, Alice"
console.log(greeting(null));             // "Howdy, stranger"​​​​​

Conditional chains

The ternary operator is right-associative, which means it can be "chained" in the following way, similar to an if … else if … else if … else chain:

function example(…) {
    return condition1 ? value1
         : condition2 ? value2
         : condition3 ? value3
         : value4;
}

// Equivalent to:

function example(…) {
    if (condition1) { return value1; }
    else if (condition2) { return value2; }
    else if (condition3) { return value3; }
    else { return value4; }
}

Specifications

Browser compatibility

See also

• if statement