高度なテキスト処理

テキストの書式設定のための HTML には他にも多くの要素がありますが、これは HTML テキストの基礎 には書かれていません。この記事で説明されている要素はあまり知られていませんが、知っていると役に立ちます。（これはまだいかなる意味でも完全なリストではありません）。ここでは、注釈、説明リスト、コンピューターコードとその他の関連テキスト、下付き文字と上付き文字、連絡先情報などのマーキングについて学習します。

説明リスト

HTML テキストの基礎では、HTMLで 基本的なリストをマークアップする方法を見てきました、しかしたまに出てくる第3のリスト — 説明リスト — については触れていませんでした。このリストの目的は、項目とそれに関連する説明を一緒にマークアップすることで、用語の定義や、質問と回答などに使います。用語の定義の例を見てみましょう:

soliloquy
In drama, where a character speaks to themselves, representing their inner thoughts or feelings and in the process relaying them to the audience (but not to other characters.)
monologue
In drama, where a character speaks their thoughts out loud to share them with the audience and any other characters present.
aside
In drama, where a character shares a comment only with the audience for humorous or dramatic effect. This is usually a feeling, thought or piece of additional background information

説明リストは他の種類のリストと違うラッパーを使います — <dl> です; それぞれの用語が <dt> (description term; 説明用語) 要素で囲まれて、それぞれの説明は <dd> (description definition; 説明定義) 要素で囲まれます。例のマークアップを完了しましょう:

<dl>
  <dt>独白( soliloquy )</dt>
  <dd>ドラマでは、登場人物が自分自身にしゃべりかけ、内なる考えや感情や、そうなった過程を(他の登場人物ではなく)観客に対して表現します。</dd>
  <dt>独白( monologue)</dt>
  <dd>ドラマで、登場人物が自分の考えを観客や他の登場人物に伝わるように喋ります。</dd>
  <dt>ひそひそ話</dt>
  <dd>ドラマで、登場人物が観客のみに対し、ユーモアやドラマチックな効果を狙ってコメントをします。これは通常は感情や、考えや、追加の背景情報です。</dd>
</dl>

ブラウザーデフォルトのスタイルでは、説明を用語からいくらかインデントします。MDNのスタイルはこの慣習にほぼ従いますが、用語を太字にします。

独白( soliloquy )

ドラマでは、登場人物が自分自身にしゃべりかけ、内なる考えや感情や、そうなった過程を(他の登場人物ではなく)観客に対して表現します。

独白( monologue )

ドラマで、登場人物が自分の考えを観客や他の登場人物に伝わるように喋ります。

ひそひそ話

ドラマで、登場人物が観客のみに対し、ユーモアやドラマチックな効果を狙ってコメントをします。これは通常は感情や、考えや、追加の背景情報です。

注意として、単独の用語に複数の説明をつけるのも許されます、例えば:

余談

ドラマで、登場人物が観客のみに対し、ユーモアやドラマチックな効果を狙ってコメントをします。これは通常は感情や、考えや、追加の背景情報です。

文章では、現在のトピックに関連するが、主な流れには直接くっつけずに脇に置かれるコンテンツの節 (しばしば脇の囲みの中に置かれる)。

アクティブ学習: 定義をマークアップする

It's time to try your hand at description lists; add elements to the raw text in the Input field so that it appears as a description list in the Output field. You could try using your own terms and descriptions if you like.

If you make a mistake, you can always reset it using the Reset button. If you get really stuck, press the Show solution button to see the answer.

<h2>Live output</h2>

<div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;">
</div>

<h2>Editable code</h2>
<p class="a11y-label">Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).</p>

<textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 100px; width: 95%">
Bacon
The glue that binds the world together.
Eggs
The glue that binds the cake together.
Coffee
The drink that gets the world running in the morning.
A light brown color.</textarea>

<div class="playable-buttons">
  <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset">
  <input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution">
</div>

html {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}

h2 {
  font-size: 16px;
}

.a11y-label {
  margin: 0;
  text-align: right;
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  width: 98%;
}

body {
  margin: 10px;
  background: #f5f9fa;
}

var textarea = document.getElementById('code');
var reset = document.getElementById('reset');
var solution = document.getElementById('solution');
var output = document.querySelector('.output');
var code = textarea.value;
var userEntry = textarea.value;

function updateCode() {
  output.innerHTML = textarea.value;
}

reset.addEventListener('click', function() {
  textarea.value = code;
  userEntry = textarea.value;
  solutionEntry = htmlSolution;
  solution.value = 'Show solution';
  updateCode();
});

solution.addEventListener('click', function() {
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    textarea.value = solutionEntry;
    solution.value = 'Hide solution';
  } else {
    textarea.value = userEntry;
    solution.value = 'Show solution';
  }
  updateCode();
});

var htmlSolution = '<dl>\n <dt>Bacon</dt>\n <dd>The glue that binds the world together.</dd>\n <dt>Eggs</dt>\n <dd>The glue that binds the cake together.</dd>\n <dt>Coffee</dt>\n <dd>The drink that gets the world running in the morning.</dd>\n <dd>A light brown color.</dd>\n</dl>';
var solutionEntry = htmlSolution;

textarea.addEventListener('input', updateCode);
window.addEventListener('load', updateCode);

// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and
// make it write a tab at the caret position instead

textarea.onkeydown = function(e){
  if (e.keyCode === 9) {
    e.preventDefault();
    insertAtCaret('\t');
  }

  if (e.keyCode === 27) {
    textarea.blur();
  }
};

function insertAtCaret(text) {
  var scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop;
  var caretPos = textarea.selectionStart;

  var front = (textarea.value).substring(0, caretPos);
  var back = (textarea.value).substring(textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length);
  textarea.value = front + text + back;
  caretPos = caretPos + text.length;
  textarea.selectionStart = caretPos;
  textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos;
  textarea.focus();
  textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos;
}

// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code

textarea.onkeyup = function(){
  // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown,
  // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    userEntry = textarea.value;
  } else {
    solutionEntry = textarea.value;
  }

  updateCode();
};

強調

HTML also has features available for marking up quotations; which element you use depends on whether you are marking up a block or inline quotation.

ブロッククォート

If a section of block level content (be it a paragraph, multiple paragraphs, a list, etc.) is quoted from somewhere else, you should wrap it inside a <blockquote> element to signify this, and include a URL pointing to the source of the quote inside a cite attribute. 例えば、the following markup is taken from the MDN <blockquote> element page:

<p>The <strong>HTML <code>&lt;blockquote&gt;</code> Element</strong> (or <em>HTML Block
Quotation Element</em>) indicates that the enclosed text is an extended quotation.</p>

To turn this into a block quote, we would just do this:

<blockquote cite="https://developer.mozilla.org/ja/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote">
  <p>The <strong>HTML <code>&lt;blockquote&gt;</code> Element</strong> (or <em>HTML Block
  Quotation Element</em>) indicates that the enclosed text is an extended quotation.</p>
</blockquote>

Browser default styling will render this as an indented paragraph, as an indicator that it is a quote; MDN does this, but also adds some extra styling:

The HTML <blockquote> Element (or HTML Block Quotation Element) indicates that the enclosed text is an extended quotation.

インラインクォート

Inline quotations work in exactly the same way, except that they use the <q> element. 例えば、the below bit of markup contains a quotation from the MDN <q> page:

<p>The quote element — <code>&lt;q&gt;</code> — is <q cite="https://developer.mozilla.org/ja/docs/Web/HTML/Element/q">intended
for short quotations that don't require paragraph breaks.</q></p>

Browser default styling will render this as normal text put in quotes to indicate a quotation, like so:

The quote element — <q> — is intended for short quotations that don't require paragraph breaks.

Citations

The content of the cite attribute sounds useful, but unfortunately browsers, screenreaders, etc. don't really do much with it. There is no way to get the browser to display the contents of cite, without writing your own solution using JavaScript or CSS. If you want to make the source of the quotation available on the page, a better way to mark it up is put the <cite> element next to (or inside) the quote element. This is really meant to contain the name of the quote source — i.e. the name of the book, or name of the person that said the quote — but there is no reason why you couldn't link the text inside <cite> to the quote source in some way:

<p>According to the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/ja/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote">
<cite>MDN blockquote page</cite></a>:
</p>

<blockquote cite="https://developer.mozilla.org/ja/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote">
  <p>The <strong>HTML <code>&lt;blockquote&gt;</code> Element</strong> (or <em>HTML Block
  Quotation Element</em>) indicates that the enclosed text is an extended quotation.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>The quote element — <code>&lt;q&gt;</code> — is <q cite="https://developer.mozilla.org/ja/docs/Web/HTML/Element/q">intended
for short quotations that don't require paragraph breaks.</q> -- <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/ja/docs/Web/HTML/Element/q">
<cite>MDN q page</cite></a>.</p>

Citations are styled in italic font 既定では. You can see this code at work in our quotations.html example.

アクティブ学習: 誰がそう言ったの？

Time for another active learning example! In this example we'd like you to:

1. Turn the middle paragraph into a blockquote, which includes a cite attribute.
2. Turn part of the third paragraph into an inline quote, which includes a cite attribute.
3. Include a <cite> element for each link

The citation sources you need are:

• http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/confucius.html for the Confucius quote
• http://www.affirmationsforpositivethinking.com/index.htm for "The Need To Eliminate Negative Self Talk".

If you make a mistake, you can always reset it using the Reset button. If you get really stuck, press the Show solution button to see the answer.

<h2>Live output</h2>

<div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;">
</div>

<h2>Editable code</h2>
<p class="a11y-label">Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).</p>

<textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 150px; width: 95%">
<p>Hello and welcome to my motivation page. As Confucius once said:</p>
<p>It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.</p>
<p>I also love the concept of positive thinking, and The Need To Eliminate Negative Self Talk (as mentioned in Affirmations for Positive Thinking.)</p>
</textarea>

<div class="playable-buttons">
  <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset">
  <input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution">
</div>

html {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}

h2 {
  font-size: 16px;
}

.a11y-label {
  margin: 0;
  text-align: right;
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  width: 98%;
}

body {
  margin: 10px;
  background: #f5f9fa;
}

var textarea = document.getElementById('code');
var reset = document.getElementById('reset');
var solution = document.getElementById('solution');
var output = document.querySelector('.output');
var code = textarea.value;
var userEntry = textarea.value;

function updateCode() {
  output.innerHTML = textarea.value;
}

reset.addEventListener('click', function() {
  textarea.value = code;
  userEntry = textarea.value;
  solutionEntry = htmlSolution;
  solution.value = 'Show solution';
  updateCode();
});

solution.addEventListener('click', function() {
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    textarea.value = solutionEntry;
    solution.value = 'Hide solution';
  } else {
    textarea.value = userEntry;
    solution.value = 'Show solution';
  }
  updateCode();
});

var htmlSolution = '<p>Hello and welcome to my motivation page. As <a href="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/confucius.html"><cite>Confucius</cite></a> once said:</p>\n\n<blockquote cite="http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/confucius.html">\n <p>It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>I also love the concept of positive thinking, and <q cite="http://www.affirmationsforpositivethinking.com/index.htm">The Need To Eliminate Negative Self Talk</q> (as mentioned in <a href="http://www.affirmationsforpositivethinking.com/index.htm"><cite>Affirmations for Positive Thinking</cite></a>.)</p>';
var solutionEntry = htmlSolution;

textarea.addEventListener('input', updateCode);
window.addEventListener('load', updateCode);

// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and
// make it write a tab at the caret position instead

textarea.onkeydown = function(e){
  if (e.keyCode === 9) {
    e.preventDefault();
    insertAtCaret('\t');
  }

  if (e.keyCode === 27) {
    textarea.blur();
  }
};

function insertAtCaret(text) {
  var scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop;
  var caretPos = textarea.selectionStart;

  var front = (textarea.value).substring(0, caretPos);
  var back = (textarea.value).substring(textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length);
  textarea.value = front + text + back;
  caretPos = caretPos + text.length;
  textarea.selectionStart = caretPos;
  textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos;
  textarea.focus();
  textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos;
}

// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code

textarea.onkeyup = function(){
  // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown,
  // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    userEntry = textarea.value;
  } else {
    solutionEntry = textarea.value;
  }

  updateCode();
};

略語

Another fairly common element you'll meet when looking around the Web is <abbr> — this is used to wrap around an abbreviation or acronym, and provide a full expansion of the term (included inside a title attribute.) Let's look at a couple of examples:

<p>We use <abbr title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</abbr> to structure our web documents.</p>

<p>I think <abbr title="Reverend">Rev.</abbr> Green did it in the kitchen with the chainsaw.</p>

These will come out looking something like this (the expansion will appear in a tooltip when the term is hovered over):

We use HTML to structure our web documents.

I think Rev. Green did it in the kitchen with the chainsaw.

アクティブ学習: 略語をマークアップする

For this simple active learning assignment, we'd like you to simply mark up an abbreviation. You can use our sample below, or replace it with one of your own. 

<h2>Live output</h2>

<div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;">
</div>

<h2>Editable code</h2>
<p class="a11y-label">Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).</p>

<textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 50px; width: 95%">
<p>NASA sure does some exciting work.</p>
</textarea>

<div class="playable-buttons">
  <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset">
  <input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution">
</div>

html {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}

h2 {
  font-size: 16px;
}

.a11y-label {
  margin: 0;
  text-align: right;
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  width: 98%;
}

body {
  margin: 10px;
  background: #f5f9fa;
}

var textarea = document.getElementById('code');
var reset = document.getElementById('reset');
var solution = document.getElementById('solution');
var output = document.querySelector('.output');
var code = textarea.value;
var userEntry = textarea.value;

function updateCode() {
  output.innerHTML = textarea.value;
}

reset.addEventListener('click', function() {
  textarea.value = code;
  userEntry = textarea.value;
  solutionEntry = htmlSolution;
  solution.value = 'Show solution';
  updateCode();
});

solution.addEventListener('click', function() {
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    textarea.value = solutionEntry;
    solution.value = 'Hide solution';
  } else {
    textarea.value = userEntry;
    solution.value = 'Show solution';
  }
  updateCode();
});

var htmlSolution = '<p><abbr title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</abbr> sure does some exciting work.</p>';
var solutionEntry = htmlSolution;

textarea.addEventListener('input', updateCode);
window.addEventListener('load', updateCode);

// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and
// make it write a tab at the caret position instead

textarea.onkeydown = function(e){
  if (e.keyCode === 9) {
    e.preventDefault();
    insertAtCaret('\t');
  }

  if (e.keyCode === 27) {
    textarea.blur();
  }
};

function insertAtCaret(text) {
  var scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop;
  var caretPos = textarea.selectionStart;

  var front = (textarea.value).substring(0, caretPos);
  var back = (textarea.value).substring(textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length);
  textarea.value = front + text + back;
  caretPos = caretPos + text.length;
  textarea.selectionStart = caretPos;
  textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos;
  textarea.focus();
  textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos;
}

// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code

textarea.onkeyup = function(){
  // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown,
  // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    userEntry = textarea.value;
  } else {
    solutionEntry = textarea.value;
  }

  updateCode();
};

詳細な連絡先をマークアップする

HTML has an element for marking up contact details — <address>. This simply wraps around your contact details, 例えば、:

<address>
  <p>Chris Mills, Manchester, The Grim North, UK</p>
</address>

One thing to remember however is that the <address> element is meant for marking up the contact details of the person who wrote the HTML document, not any address. So the above would only be ok if Chris had written the document the markup appears on. Note that something like this would also be ok:

<address>
  <p>Page written by <a href="../authors/chris-mills/">Chris Mills</a>.</p>
</address>

上付きと下付き

You will occasionally need to use superscript and subscript when marking up items like dates, chemical formulae, and mathematical equations so they have the correct meaning. The <sup> and <sub> elements handle this job. 例えば、:

<p>My birthday is on the 25<sup>th</sup> of May 2001.</p>
<p>Caffeine's chemical formula is C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p>If x<sup>2</sup> is 9, x must equal 3 or -3.</p>

The output of this code looks like so:

My birthday is on the 25^th of May 2001.

Caffeine's chemical formula is C₈H₁₀N₄O₂.

If x² is 9, x must equal 3 or -3.

コンピューターコードを表現する

There are a number of elements available for marking up computer code using HTML:

• <code>: For marking up generic pieces of computer code.
• <pre>: For retaining whitespace (generally code blocks) — if you use indentation or excess whitespace inside your text, browsers will ignore it and you will not see it on your rendered page. If you wrap the text in <pre></pre> tags however, your whitespace will be rendered identically to how you see it in your text editor.
• <var>: For specifically marking up variable names.
• <kbd>: For marking up keyboard (and other types of) input entered into the computer.
• <samp>: For marking up the output of a computer program.

Let's look at a few examples. You should try having a play with these (try grabbing a copy of our other-semantics.html sample file):

<pre><code>var para = document.querySelector('p');

para.onclick = function() {
  alert('Owww, stop poking me!');
}</code></pre>

<p>You shouldn't use presentational elements like <code>&lt;font&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;center&gt;</code>.</p>

<p>In the above JavaScript example, <var>para</var> represents a paragraph element.</p>


<p>Select all the text with <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>/<kbd>Cmd</kbd> + <kbd>A</kbd>.</p>

<pre>$ <kbd>ping mozilla.org</kbd>
<samp>PING mozilla.org (63.245.215.20): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 63.245.215.20: icmp_seq=0 ttl=40 time=158.233 ms</samp></pre>

The above code will look like so:

日付と時刻をマークアップする

HTML also provides the <time> element for marking up times and dates in a machine-readable format. 例えば、:

<time datetime="2016-01-20">20 January 2016</time>

Why is this useful? Well, there are many different ways that humans write down dates. The above date could be written as:

• 20 January 2016
• 20th January 2016
• Jan 20 2016
• 20/01/16
• 01/20/16
• The 20th of next month
• 20e Janvier 2016
• 2016年1月20日
• And so on

But these different forms cannot be easily recognised by the computers — what if you wanted to automatically grab the dates of all events in a page and insert them into a calendar? The <time> element allows you to attach an unambiguous, machine-readable time/date for this purpose.

The basic example above just provides a simple machine readable date, but there are many other options that are possible, 例えば、:

<!-- Standard simple date -->
<time datetime="2016-01-20">20 January 2016</time>
<!-- Just year and month -->
<time datetime="2016-01">January 2016</time>
<!-- Just month and day -->
<time datetime="01-20">20 January</time>
<!-- Just time, hours and minutes -->
<time datetime="19:30">19:30</time>
<!-- You can do seconds and milliseconds too! -->
<time datetime="19:30:01.856">19:30:01.856</time>
<!-- Date and time -->
<time datetime="2016-01-20T19:30">7.30pm, 20 January 2016</time>
<!-- Date and time with timezone offset-->
<time datetime="2016-01-20T19:30+01:00">7.30pm, 20 January 2016 is 8.30pm in France</time>
<!-- Calling out a specific week number-->
<time datetime="2016-W04">The fourth week of 2016</time>

まとめ

That marks the end of our study of HTML text semantics. Bear in mind that what you have seen during this course is not an exhaustive list of HTML text elements — we wanted to try to cover the essentials, and some of the more common ones you will see in the wild, or at least might find interesting. To find way more HTML elements, you can take a look at our HTML element reference (the Inline text semantics section would be a great place to start.) In the next article we will look at the HTML elements you'd use to structure the different parts of an HTML document.

このモジュール内

• Getting started with HTML
• What’s in the head? Metadata in HTML
• HTML text fundamentals
• Creating hyperlinks
• Advanced text formatting
• Document and website structure
• Debugging HTML
• Marking up a letter
• Structuring a page of content