Promise.prototype.then()

// using a resolved promise, the 'then' block will be triggered instantly,
// but its handlers will be triggered asynchronously as demonstrated by the console.logs
const resolvedProm = Promise.resolve(33);

let thenProm = resolvedProm.then(value => {
    console.log("this gets called after the end of the main stack. the value received and returned is: " + value);
    return value;
});
// instantly logging the value of thenProm
console.log(thenProm);

// using setTimeout we can postpone the execution of a function to the moment the stack is empty
setTimeout(() => {
    console.log(thenProm);
});


// logs, in order:
// Promise {[[PromiseStatus]]: "pending", [[PromiseValue]]: undefined}
// "this gets called after the end of the main stack. the value received and returned is: 33"
// Promise {[[PromiseStatus]]: "resolved", [[PromiseValue]]: 33}

var p1 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  resolve('Success!');
  // or
  // reject(new Error("Error!"));
});

p1.then(value => {
  console.log(value); // Success!
}, reason => {
  console.error(reason); // Error!
} );

Promise.resolve('foo')
  // 1. Receive "foo", concatenate "bar" to it, and resolve that to the next then
  .then(function(string) {
    return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
      setTimeout(function() {
        string += 'bar';
        resolve(string);
      }, 1);
    });
  })
  // 2. receive "foobar", register a callback function to work on that string
  // and print it to the console, but not before returning the unworked on
  // string to the next then
  .then(function(string) {
    setTimeout(function() {
      string += 'baz';
      console.log(string); // foobarbaz
    }, 1)
    return string;
  })
  // 3. print helpful messages about how the code in this section will be run
  // before the string is actually processed by the mocked asynchronous code in the
  // previous then block.
  .then(function(string) {
    console.log("Last Then:  oops... didn't bother to instantiate and return " +
                "a promise in the prior then so the sequence may be a bit " +
                "surprising");

    // Note that `string` will not have the 'baz' bit of it at this point. This
    // is because we mocked that to happen asynchronously with a setTimeout function
    console.log(string); // foobar
  });

// logs, in order:
// Last Then: oops... didn't bother to instantiate and return a promise in the prior then so the sequence may be a bit surprising
// foobar
// foobarbaz

var p2 = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
  resolve(1);
});

p2.then(function(value) {
  console.log(value); // 1
  return value + 1;
}).then(function(value) {
  console.log(value + ' - A synchronous value works'); // 2 - A synchronous value works
});

p2.then(function(value) {
  console.log(value); // 1
});

Promise.resolve()
  .then(() => {
    // Makes .then() return a rejected promise
    throw new Error('Oh no!');
  })
  .then(() => {
    console.log('Not called.');
  }, error => {
    console.error('onRejected function called: ' + error.message);
  });

Promise.reject()
  .then(() => 99, () => 42) // onRejected returns 42 which is wrapped in a resolving Promise
  .then(solution => console.log('Resolved with ' + solution)); // Resolved with 42

Promise.resolve()
  .then(() => {
    // Makes .then() return a rejected promise
    throw new Error('Oh no!');
  })
  .catch(error => {
    console.error('onRejected function called: ' + error.message);
  })
  .then(() => {
    console.log("I am always called even if the prior then's promise rejects");
  });

function fetch_current_data() {
  // The fetch() API returns a Promise.  This function
  // exposes a similar API, except the fulfillment
  // value of this function's Promise has had more
  // work done on it.
  return fetch('current-data.json').then(response => {
    if (response.headers.get('content-type') != 'application/json') {
      throw new TypeError();
    }
    var j = response.json();
    // maybe do something with j
    return j; // fulfillment value given to user of
              // fetch_current_data().then()
  });
}

function resolveLater(resolve, reject) {
  setTimeout(function() {
    resolve(10);
  }, 1000);
}
function rejectLater(resolve, reject) {
  setTimeout(function() {
    reject(new Error('Error'));
  }, 1000);
}

var p1 = Promise.resolve('foo');
var p2 = p1.then(function() {
  // Return promise here, that will be resolved to 10 after 1 second
  return new Promise(resolveLater);
});
p2.then(function(v) {
  console.log('resolved', v);  // "resolved", 10
}, function(e) {
  // not called
  console.error('rejected', e);
});

var p3 = p1.then(function() {
  // Return promise here, that will be rejected with 'Error' after 1 second
  return new Promise(rejectLater);
});
p3.then(function(v) {
  // not called
  console.log('resolved', v);
}, function(e) {
  console.error('rejected', e); // "rejected", 'Error'
});

const nextTick = (() => {
  const noop = () => {}; // literally
  const nextTickPromise = () => Promise.resolve().then(noop);

  const rfab = Reflect.apply.bind; // (thisArg, fn, thisArg, [...args])
  const nextTick = (fn, ...args) => (
    fn !== undefined
    ? Promise.resolve(args).then(rfab(null, fn, null))
    : nextTickPromise(),
    undefined
  );
  nextTick.ntp = nextTickPromise;

  return nextTick;
})();