Array.prototype.forEach()

const arraySparse = [1,3,,7];
let numCallbackRuns = 0;

arraySparse.forEach(function(element){
  console.log(element);
  numCallbackRuns++;
});

console.log("numCallbackRuns: ", numCallbackRuns);

// 1
// 3
// 7
// numCallbackRuns: 3

const items = ['item1', 'item2', 'item3'];
const copy = [];

// before
for (let i=0; i<items.length; i++) {
  copy.push(items[i]);
}

// after
items.forEach(function(item){
  copy.push(item);
});

function logArrayElements(element, index, array) {
  console.log('a[' + index + '] = ' + element);
}

// 注意索引 2 被跳过了，因为在数组的这个位置没有项
[2, 5, , 9].forEach(logArrayElements);
// logs:
// a[0] = 2
// a[1] = 5
// a[3] = 9

function Counter() {
  this.sum = 0;
  this.count = 0;
}
Counter.prototype.add = function(array) {
  array.forEach(function(entry) {
    this.sum += entry;
    ++this.count;
  }, this);
  // ^---- Note
};

const obj = new Counter();
obj.add([2, 5, 9]);
obj.count;
// 3 === (1 + 1 + 1)
obj.sum;
// 16 === (2 + 5 + 9)

function copy(obj) {
  const copy = Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(obj));
  const propNames = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(obj);

  propNames.forEach(function(name) {
    const desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(obj, name);
    Object.defineProperty(copy, name, desc);
  });

  return copy;
}

const obj1 = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const obj2 = copy(obj1); // 现在 obj2 看起来和 obj1 一模一样了

var words = ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'];
words.forEach(function(word) {
  console.log(word);
  if (word === 'two') {
    words.shift();
  }
});
// one
// two
// four

/**
 * Flattens passed array in one dimensional array
 *
 * @params {array} arr
 * @returns {array}
 */
function flatten(arr) {
  const result = [];

  arr.forEach((i) => {
    if (Array.isArray(i))
      result.push(...flatten(i));
    else
      result.push(i);
  })

  return result;
}

// Usage
const problem = [1, 2, 3, [4, 5, [6, 7], 8, 9]];

flatten(problem); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

let ratings = [5, 4, 5];

let sum = 0;

let sumFunction = async function (a, b) {
    return a + b;
}

ratings.forEach(async function(rating) {
    sum = await sumFunction(sum, rating);
})

console.log(sum);
// Expected output: 14
// Actual output: 0

// Production steps of ECMA-262, Edition 5, 15.4.4.18
// Reference: http://es5.github.io/#x15.4.4.18
if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {

  Array.prototype.forEach = function(callback, thisArg) {

    var T, k;

    if (this == null) {
      throw new TypeError(' this is null or not defined');
    }

    // 1. Let O be the result of calling toObject() passing the
    // |this| value as the argument.
    var O = Object(this);

    // 2. Let lenValue be the result of calling the Get() internal
    // method of O with the argument "length".
    // 3. Let len be toUint32(lenValue).
    var len = O.length >>> 0;

    // 4. If isCallable(callback) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
    // See: http://es5.github.com/#x9.11
    if (typeof callback !== "function") {
      throw new TypeError(callback + ' is not a function');
    }

    // 5. If thisArg was supplied, let T be thisArg; else let
    // T be undefined.
    if (arguments.length > 1) {
      T = thisArg;
    }

    // 6. Let k be 0
    k = 0;

    // 7. Repeat, while k < len
    while (k < len) {

      var kValue;

      // a. Let Pk be ToString(k).
      //    This is implicit for LHS operands of the in operator
      // b. Let kPresent be the result of calling the HasProperty
      //    internal method of O with argument Pk.
      //    This step can be combined with c
      // c. If kPresent is true, then
      if (k in O) {

        // i. Let kValue be the result of calling the Get internal
        // method of O with argument Pk.
        kValue = O[k];

        // ii. Call the Call internal method of callback with T as
        // the this value and argument list containing kValue, k, and O.
        callback.call(T, kValue, k, O);
      }
      // d. Increase k by 1.
      k++;
    }
    // 8. return undefined
  };
}