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Common CSS Questions

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[edit] My CSS is valid, but not correctly rendered

Browsers use the DOCTYPE declaration to choose whether to show the document using a mode that is more compatible with Web standards or with old browser bugs. Using a correct and modern DOCTYPE declaration at the start of your HTML will improve browser standards compliance.

Modern browsers have two main rendering modes:

  • Quirks Mode: also called backwards-compatibility mode, allows legacy webpages to be rendered as their authors intended, following the non-standard rendering rules used by older browsers. Documents with an incomplete, incorrect, or missing DOCTYPE declaration or a known DOCTYPE declaration in common use before 2001 will be rendered in Quirks Mode.
  • Standards Mode: the browser attempts to follow the W3C standards strictly. New HTML pages are expected to be designed for standards-compliant browsers, and as a result, pages with a modern DOCTYPE declaration will be rendered with Standards Mode.

Gecko-based browsers, have a third Almost Standards Mode that has only a few minor quirks.

This is a list of the most commonly used DOCTYPE declarations that will trigger Standards or Almost Standards mode: 

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">

[edit] Difference between id and class

HTML elements can have an id and/or a class attribute. The id attribute assigns a name to a certain element, and there must be only one element with that name. The class attribute assigns an element to a certain class, and in general there could be more than one element with the same class attribute. CSS allows you to apply styles to a particular id and/or class.

Use an id-specific style when you want to restrict the style rules to one specific block or element. This style will be used by only one element with that particular id.

Use a class-specific style when you want to apply the style rules to a certain class of blocks and elements.

See CSS selectors

[edit] Restoring the default property value

Because CSS does not provide a "default" keyword, the only way to restore the default value of a property is to explicitly re-declare that property.

Thus, particular care should be taken when writing style rules using selectors (e.g., selectors by tag name, such as p) that you may want to override with more specific rules (such as those using id or class selectors), because the original default value cannot be automatically restored.

Because of the cascading nature of CSS, it is good practice to define style rules as specifically as possible to prevent styling elements that were not intended to be styled.

[edit] Derived styles

CSS does not allow one style to be defined in terms of another. (See Eric Meyer's note about the Working Group's stance). However, assigning multiple classes to a single element can provide the same effect.

[edit] Assigning multiple classes

HTML elements can be assigned multiple classes by listing the classes in the class attribute, with a blank space to separate them. 

<style type="text/css">
.news { background: black; color: white; }
.today { font-weight: bold; }
</style>

<div class="news today">
... content of today's news ...
</div>

If the same property is declared in both rules, the conflict is resolved first through specificity, then according to the order of the CSS declarations. The order of classes in the class attribute is not relevant.

[edit] Style rules that don't work

Style rules that are syntactically correct may not apply in certain situations. You can use DOM Inspector's CSS Style Rules view to debug problems of this kind, but the most frequent instances of ignored style rules are listed below.

[edit] HTML elements hierarchy

The way CSS styles are applied to HTML elements depends also on the elements hierarchy. It is important to remember that a rule applied to a descendant overrides the style of the parent, in spite of any specificity or priority of CSS rules. 

.news { color: black; }
.corpName { font-weight: bold; color: red; }

<!-- news item text is black, but corporate name is red and in bold -->
<div class="news">
   (Reuters) <span class="corpName">General Electric</span> (GE.NYS) announced on Thursday...
</div>

In case of complex HTML hierarchies, if a rule seems to be ignored, check if the element is inside another element with a different style.

[edit] Explicitly re-defined style rule

In CSS stylesheets, order is important. If you define a rule and then you re-define the same rule, the last definition is used. 

#stockTicker { font-weight: bold; }
.stockSymbol { color: red; }
/*  other rules             */
/*  other rules             */
/*  other rules             */
.stockSymbol { font-weight: normal; }

<!-- most text is in bold, except "GE", which is red and not bold -->
<div id="stockTicker">
   NYS: <span class="stockSymbol">GE</span> +1.0 ...
</div>

To avoid this kind of error, try to define rules only once for a certain selector, and group all rules belonging to that selector.

[edit] Use of a shorthand property

Using shorthand properties for defining style rules is good because it uses a very compact syntax. Using shorthand with only some attributes is possible and correct, but it must be remembered that undeclared attributes are automatically reset to default. This means that a previous rule for a single attribute could be implicitly overridden. 

#stockTicker { font-size: 12px; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; }
.stockSymbol { font: 14px Arial; color: red; }

<div id="stockTicker">
   NYS: <span class="stockSymbol">GE</span> +1.0 ...
</div>

In the previous example the problem occurred on rules belonging to different elements, but it could happen also for the same element, because rule order is important. 

#stockTicker {
   font-weight: bold;
   font: 12px Verdana;  /* font-weight is now normal */
}


[edit] Use of the * selector

The * selector refers to any element, and it has to be used with particular care. 

body * { font-weight: normal; }
#stockTicker { font: 12px Verdana; }
.corpName { font-weight: bold; }
.stockUp { color: red; }

<div id="section">
   NYS: <span class="corpName"><span class="stockUp">GE</span></span> +1.0 ...
</div>

In this example the body * selector applies the rule to all elements inside body, at any hierarchy level, including redtext. So font-weight: bold; applied to boldtext class is overridden by font-weight: normal; applied to redtext.

[edit] Specificity in CSS

When multiples rules apply to a certain element, the rule chosen depends on its style specificity. Inline style (in HTML style attributes) comes first, followed by ID selectors, then class selectors and eventually element-name selectors. 

div { color: black; }
#orange { color: orange; }
.green { color: green; }

<div id="orange" class="green" style="color: red;">This is red</div>

The rules are more complicated when the selector has multiple parts. More detailed information about how selector specificity is calculated can be found in the CSS 2.1 Specification chapter 6.4.3

[edit] What do the -moz-* properties do?

Please see the Mozilla CSS Extensions page.

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